André Chapelon's creations and innovations

FRENCH COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES' HOMEPAGE

André Chapelon, always under heavy , updated march 13, 2001.

André Chapelon. October 26th, 1892 - july (22nd?), 1978.

He was nicknamed "Le petit" - "Shorty" - by colleagues and friends.

"The work accomplished by Chapelon, by transforming locomotives which were far from new and bringing incredible improvements to their performances, justify an opinion making him the greatest engineer in locomotives since Robert Stephenson. If it's true, that's because him alone seemed to be able to embrace the full significance of these biological interactions between the various organs of the machine and to deal with them in a scientifical manner, in such a way that he was even able to predict the extroardinary results they will gave. His locomotives reached a power to weight ratio and a thermic efficiency never sawn before with steam locomotives, and they gave no more incident in service than those who were in charge of them had wanted to."

J.T. Van Riemsdijk & K. Brown, "The pictorial history of steam power", "Steam on the railways" chapter, Octopus Books, London 1980 and Gallery Press, 1984. Retranslated from a french edition.

PLEASE NOTE: Every paragraph will become a link to a specific page in a (more or less) close future... These are only short introductions. More hours per day, please! Come back from time to time, I sometimes add a few details here.

Biography:

Born October 26th, 1892 in Saint-Paul en Cornillon, Loire. He was the great-grand son of a man named James JACKSON from Sheffield, Great Britain, one of the numerous English "forge masters" that came in France from the 17th. century to teach new steel production methods. James Jackson arrived in France in 1812 (precision given by a member of the Chapelon family).

The beginning of his engineering career:

His first creation: The KYLCHAP exhaust system, one of the first examples of high efficiency "fluid engine".

What was exactly his contribution and theories to compound locomotives design: Mainly the to relegate of rule-of-thumb and voodoo-inspired theories and design rules to the "cul de basse-fosse", deep holes were thrown (and quickly forgotten!) alive persons in ultimo punishment some centuries ago, in favour of the real scientific knowledge of his time and by a systematic checking of theories by the use of extensive tests of engines in real conditions and with the help of correctly used modern metering equipment such as, for example, high speed stroboscopic cameras he used to study steam flowing. Details and more by clicking HERE someday.

His locomotives (build(!) ones, all compound):

4 6 2 P.O.'s 3566 transmutation (1929).
Three series of PACIFICS resulting of the 3566 prototype (1929-35).
The 4 6 2 P.O.'s 4521 turned into the 4 8 0 P.O.'s 4701, most powerful locomotive of any kind (electric, diesel, ...) in europe at that time (1931) with 4 200 H.P..
Two series of 4 8 0 resulting from the prototype, first in 1932, second in 1940, the latest being quite modernized with an improved power output of 4 700 H.P..
2 12 0 prototype, 6 cylinders compound (2 H.P., 4 L.P.) with re-superheating between H.P. and L.P. cylinders, steam envelopes (around cylinders, forgive this precision if you know a bit about physics, mechanic of fluids or 100 000 H.P. boats' steam engines) and other features unusual in the world of locomotives. The most innovative steam locomotive based on the classical Stephenson's concept (no turbine, no super high boiler pressure or other gimmick inapplicable to a locomotive).Once completed, extensive test started in the beginning of 1946. Those tests were acknowledged by railroad's international community as the most extensive and complete ever done on a locomotive, and allowed the discovery of absolutely virgins fields of experiments. Lessons gained here opened a really new and refreshing track that nobody has used yet. Measured normal tractive effort: 83700 lbs. Chapelon had computed that if applied to the 4 4 6 4 Q 2 of the Pennsylvania RailRoad, efficiency figures obtained with the solutions used on 160 A 1 would raise the power output of the P.R.R. engine up to 18.000 H.P.and give an equivalent (in percent) increase of tractive effort.
His last normal gauge locomotive: The 4-8-4 242 A 1, 3 cylinders prototype, pre-WWII project also completed in 1946, again the most powerful european locomotive at that time (50's), 5,300 H.P., mean tractive effort of 46,255 lbs..

Very innovative work on single expansion engines too:

The 141 E 113 MIKADO of 1945, Chapelon's brilliant answer (hardly snatched to his hierarchy) to the insult made to his talent and over 20 years of constant successes by the order of 1,300 all purpose MIKADOS, named here "141 R", issued by newly created, government-managed railroad company S.N.C.F. to ALCO, BALDWIN and LIMA (part of Marshall's plan), an engine incredibly hidden by S.N.C.F. management.
Improvements to the 141 R American MIKADOS.
The 2 8 0 140 J 153 transformation, or how a not so good type of 35 years old single expansion engine can be turned for a very few money into something as reliable, as powerful, faster, 40% lighter and burning 30% less coal (data collected after years of service) than the brand news American MIKADOS mentionned above, and staying a S.E. engine. His last work for the S.N.C.F., sad "Bye bye, stupids!" from a real genius to the fully sclerosed technocrats managing our brand new financial abyss, the S.N.C.F.. Having read what was on hand in france and on the web about Whardale's "Red Devil", I think I can write that the Chapelonized Consolidation J 153 is her biological mother.

Narrow gauge single-expansion locomotives designed for Brazilian's railroads after he left the S.N.C.F., french nationalized railroad company:

2-8-4 with a load of 9.84 tons per driving axle
4-8-4 with a load of 12.8 tons per driving axle

Plans of machines for the fifties-sixties (never build, mainly because of the "All nuke", leading to "everything electrical" politic favoured by generations of our mad politicians): Chapelon had sincerely a great admiration for industrial capacities of the United States and also for the resulting quality of U.S. engineering. Also, Timken roller bearings, cast chassis, Union Pacific type rods, mechanical firing and more yet U.S. engineering habits were parts of specs. of Chapelon's projects. Most of them were most than planned but fully designed up to execution drawings, even two set of cylinders for the 2 10 4's were cast as well as boiler parts built.

2 10 4 for freight trains
High speed (125 mph) 4 6 4
Very high speed (155 mph) 4 6 0
2 8 4
4 8 4
4 6 4 tank engine for fast suburbs and short distance services, designed to be driven by a single man (oil fired).

Co-designed engines (S.N.C.F. era): Although Chapelon was really affected to be compelled to collaborate to their design because the specs. of those, imposed by S.N.C.F. management was in total contradiction with thermodynamics knowledge of the time as well as with his pre-S.N.C.F. work, successes again.

141 P serie, all purpose 4 cylinders compound Mikados
241 P serie, 4 cylinders compound for express passenger and fast freight trains 4 8 2

The scientifical and theoretical ressearches made by Chapelon

A curiously unrecognized Chapelon's assistant Willoteaux invention: The Willoteaux's piston valve, used on the 242 A 1, 141 E 113, and a on a great number of machines designed by other french engineers. If you know application of those in other countries, please send me some infos.

Applications of Chapelon's theories and creations to other french railroad companies' locomotives:

Etat
Est
Nord
P.L.M.

And to other countries' locomotives by foreign designers. But why they didn't went deeper in Chapelon's way?

International opinions about the work of André Chapelon, some texts also containing interrogations and RIGHT answers about the evident negation of this work made by nationalized railroads management (not to say by the French government...) against unanimous technical staff opinion leading to premature withdraw of most then to the total destruction of Chapelon's highly subversive engines. Fun (2nd. degree) and frightening (1st. degree) for us, french engineers and designers. Tasty details guaranteed!

.... Without forgetting the sugar on the cake, or when 10 years after he has been pushed away to the exit door by Mr. Louis Armand, general manager of the "Société Nationale des Calamités Ferroviaires" (tr.: National Society of Railroad Calamities) as Chapelon nicknamed it, the S.N.C.F.'s designers in charge of very high speed electric engines projects came to ask Mr. Chapelon to help them to solve heavy trackholding problems they were faced to... Problems that he solved quickly and freely, having mathematically and experimentally modelled every railroad engine (single expansion 2, 3 and 4 cylinders, compound also in various cylinders configurations, electric...) behavior on the track (swinging, rolling, pitching) in the early twenties! So he is also vastly responsible for French successes in the very high speed electric railroads domain, and of subsequent industrial business "made in France" with those. As far as I know, mathematical models he gave at this moment are still used in the famous T.G.V. engine trucks design.

Conclusion: I think only a very few engineers and scientists around the world - ex-eastern block people excepted - can figure out to how much non scientific or technical but administrative, hierarchical and thus human difficulties Chapelon was faced to all along his career. It's not only my opinion, it's shared here and elsewhere by everyone knowing the topic and seems thus reach the status of Historical truth. Unfortunately, it seems to be a constant of the life of engineers and researchers in France still today (3000 engineers left France for foreign countries in 1996, an official figure in constant and regular increase). More poor examples on simple request...

Bibliography:

La locomotive à vapeur, by A. Chapelon, Baillère editor Paris, 1938 and 1952 editions. THE book. Dot.
La locomotive compound: Son état actuel, son avenir, by A. Chapelon, published in the French engineering magazine Science et industrie from August 1933 to January 1934.
La machine locomotive, or Mobilitate viget viresque acquirit eundo, by E. Sauvage and Chapelon, Librairie polytechnique Ch. Béranger editor, 1947.
Les locomotives à vapeur françaises à grande vitesse et à grande puissance du type PACIFIC, by L.M. Vilain (a rare enthusiastic and competent author on the topic as well as an excellent photograph, this man spent most of his life standing along railroad tracks just to give us wonderful pics.), preface by André Chapelon, VIGOT FRERES editor, 1959.
Les PACIFICS du P.O.- MIDI et l'oeuvre d'André Chapelon au réseau d'Orléans, by M. Maillet, EDITIONS DU CABRI editor 1980.
L'oeuvre d'André Chapelon à la S.N.C.F. et son influence mondiale, same author and editor.
MANY MORE bibliography to come! I.S.B.N. codes available (when it exists!) on request.

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